Effect of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill on FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC%.

Background: Combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is the most commonly used contraceptive method in Bangladesh. This COCP may have some effects on different organs including lungs. Objective: To observe the effects of combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) on FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/ FVC% in apparently healthy women receiving COCP. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka between July 2013 and June 2014. A total 30 apparently healthy young women, age ranged 20 to 30 years were included in this study who were combined oral contraceptive pill users (COCP-U) for at least 6 months. Thirty age and BMI matched combined oral contraceptive pill nonusers (COCP-NU) were taken as control. FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% of all the subjects were measured by digital spirometer. Statistical analysis was done by Independent sample ‘t’ test. Results: FVC (p<0.001), FEV1 (p<0.001) were significantly higher whereas, FEV1/FVC% (p<0.05) was significantly lower in COCP-U than those of COCP-NU. Moreover, the mean serum estrogen (p<0.001) and progesterone (p<0.05) levels were also significantly higher in COCP-U in comparison to those of COCP-NU. Conclusion: From the result of this study it can be concluded that COCP have beneficial effects on some pulmonary function parameters.

Effect of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) on Dyslipidemia in Young Adult.

Background: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lipid lowering drugs are available in modern medicine but prolong use of these drugs may produce some side effects. Peanut due to some of its active component can improve lipid profile. Objective: To observe the effects of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on dyslipidemia in young adults. Methods: This prospective interventional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka between 1st July 2013 and 30th June 2014. For this purpose 30 dyslipidemic young adults of both sexes with aged 30 to 40 years were included in this study and they were selected from Out Patient Department of Medicine of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka. They were studied three times i,e before supplementation with peanut (BSP), after 4 weeks supplementation with peanut (4 wks AP) and after 8 weeks supplementation with peanut (8 wks AP). For assessing lipid profile TAG, LDL-C, TC and HDL-C of all subjects were estimated by enzymatic method. The statistical analysis was done by using paired sample‘t’ test as applicable. Results: In this study, the mean serum TAG, LDL-C and TC levels were significantly decreased after 8 weeks supplementation with peanut in comparison to those of after 4 weeks and before supplementation with peanut. However, these levels were also decreased after 4 weeks supplementation than those of before supplementation but it was significant only for TC (p<0.05) and LDL-C (p<0.001). Whereas, the mean serum HDL-C level was significantly (p<0.001) increased after 8 weeks supplementation when compared to those of after 4 weeks and before supplementation of peanut. Conclusion: The present study revealed that, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has effect on improvement of lipid profile by lowering serum TAG, LDL-C, TC levels and by increasing serum HDL-C level. This lipid lowering effects of peanut may be due to its high Mg+2 content and other active components of peanut.

Effect of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) On Fasting Blood Glucose And Hba1c in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Male Rats.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders with micro and macrovascular complications which are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Peanut due to its anti-oxidant property can reduce blood glucose level and may reduce the risk of diabetes. Objective: To observe the anti-diabetic effects of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in alloxaninduced diabetic male rats. Method: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka in 2013. For this purpose, 15 wistar albino male rats, aged 90-120 days, weighing 160-200 g (initial body weight) were included in the experimental group (DG-A-P). Age and weight matched 20 wistar albino rats without peanut supplementation was taken as control and divided into (BC and DC-A) . All groups of animals received basal diet for 21 consecutive days. In addition to basal diet, animals of DC-A received alloxan intraperitoneally only on the first day of the study. Moreover, animals of DG-A-P also received peanut extract for 21 consecutive days. After 16 hours of fasting blood samples were collected from tail vein of all rats on day-1 and day- 3. After taking final body weight all the rats were sacrificed on 22nd day. Their pancreas was removed and weighed. To observe glycemic control serum blood glucose and blood HbA1c levels were measured by usual laboratory technique. ANOVA, independent t-test and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis. Result: The % change of body weight was significantly (p<0.001) lower in DC-A in comparison to that of BC. The weight of pancreas was significantly lower in DC-A (p<0.001) and DG-A-P (p<0.05) when compared to that BC, whereas this level was significantly higher (p<0.001) in DG-A-P than that of DC-A. The mean fasting blood glucose level on day-3 was significantly (p<0.001) higher in DC-A and DG-A-P in comparison to that of BC. Then this level was significantly (p<0.001) lower in DG-A-P in comparison to that of DC-A on day-22. Moreover, significantly higher levels of HbA1c were observed in DC-A (p<0.001) and DG-A-P (p<0.05) in comparison to those of BC. Again, significantly (p<0.001) lower level of blood HbA1c were observed in DG-A-P than those of DC-A. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has anti-diabetic effect by reducing fasting blood glucose, HbA1c levels. This anti-diabetic effect may be due to its high MUFA content and anti-oxidant property.

Effect of Oyster mushroom in Paracetamol Induced Toxicity of Liver in Wistar albino Rats.

Backgroud: Liver is an important metabolic organ. It has wide range of functions including detoxification, storage of glycogen, vitamins A, D and B12, production of several coagulation factors, growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), angiotensinogen, and biochemicals necessary for digestion (bile). Its damage occurs due to its multidimensional functions, various xenobiotics and oxidative stress leading to distortion of all of its functions. Oyster mushroom which is excellently edible and nutritious has got free radical scavenging activity, and so may be considered as a hepatoprotective agent. Objective: To observe the hepatoprotective effect of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) against paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2009 to 30th June 2010. Thirty four Wistar albino rats, aged 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 210 grams were used for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into two groups –– control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B, mushroom-pretreated and paracetamol-treated group). Control group was again subdivided into Group A1 (baseline control group) and Group A2 (paracetamol-treated control group). Animals of all groups received basal diet for 30 consecutive days. In addition, Group A1 rats received propylene glycol (2 mL/kg body weight orally) only on 30th day, Group A2 rats received single dose of paracetamol suspension (750 mg/kg body weight orally) only on 30th day and Group B rats received mushroom extract (200 mg/kg body weight orally) for 30 consecutive days and paracetamol suspension (750 mg/kg body weight orally) only on 30th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 31st day. Then liver specimens were collected. Histology of liver was done by using standard laboratory procedure. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA test by using SPSS version 15.0. Result: In this study, histological examination of liver reveals abnormal histological findings in 100% of rats in paracetamol-treated group (Group A2), almost normal structure in 80% of rats and mild histological changes in 20% rats in mushroom-pretreated and paracetamol-treated group (Group B). Conclusion: The present study reveals the hepatoprotective effect of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) against paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats.

Protective Effect of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) and Its Combination with Propranolol in Cardiotoxic Rats.

Background: Cardiotoxicity (CT) can be developed due to prolonged use of higher doses of some drugs, exposure to some chemicals, toxins or infectious agents and also by some disease conditions. Natural plant foods such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) may have free radical scavenging activity, thereby can be used for the prevention and management of heart disease. Objective: To observe the protective effect of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and its combined action with propranolol on histological changes in isoproterenol induced cardiotoxic rats. Method: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka in 2012. For this purpose, 20 Wistar albino rats, age 85- 100 days, weighing 120 to 150g (initial body weight) were included in the peanut treated group. They were sub-divided into CT-ISO-P (Cardiotoxic group with isoproterenol after peanut treatment) and CT-ISO-C (Cardiotoxic group with isoproterenol after combined treatment of peanut and propranolol). Age and weight matched 30 Wistar albino rats without any peanut supplementation were taken and sub-divided into three sub-groups, BC (Baseline control), CT-ISO (Cardiotoxic group with isoproterenol) and CT-ISO-PRO (Cardiotoxic group with isoproterenol after propranolol treatment). Each sub-group consisted of 10 rats. After taking final body weight all the rats were sacrificed on 22nd day. The heart was removed and preserved in 10% formalin for histological processing. To find out the histopathological changes of heart tissue, histological slides were prepared and were observed under microscope in the Department of Pathology, SSMC. Histological findings were categorized by scoring as mild, moderate and severe histological changes. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Result: In this study, percent change from initial body weight to final body weight was significantly (p<0.01) lower both in CT-ISO-P and CT-ISO-C as compared to that of BC. Again, histological score was significantly (p<0.01) higher in CT-ISO in comparison to that of BC. Moreover, these scores were significantly lower in CTISO- PRO (p<0.01), CT-ISO-P (p<0.05) and CT-ISO-C (p<0.05) in comparison to that of CT-ISO. Similarly, this score was significantly (p<0.01) lower in CT-ISO-C when compared to that of CT-ISO-P. Conclusion: The present study revealed that peanut can preserve almost normal histological architecture of heart tissue in isoproterenol induced cardiotoxic rats. However, the combined therapy of peanut with propranolol showed synergistic effect on preventing histological changes in heart tissue.

Protective Effect of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) and Its Combination with Propranolol on Dyslipidemia in Isoproterenol Induced Cardiotoxic Rats.

Background: Cardiotoxicity can be developed due to prolonged use of higher doses of some drugs, exposure to some chemicals, toxins or infectious agents and also by some disease conditions. Natural plant food such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) may have free radical scavenging and lipid lowering activity, thereby, can be used for the prevention and management of heart disease. Objective: To observe the protective effect of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) and its combined action with propranolol on dyslipidemia in Isoproterenol induced cardiotoxic rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from January to December, 2012. Twenty Wistar albino rats, age 85-100 days, weighing 120 to 150g (initial body weight) were included in the experimental group (Group B, with peanut). They were further sub-divided into group B1 (isoproterenol treated group after peanut treatment), and group B2 (isoproterenol treated group after combined treatment of peanut and propranolol). Age and weight matched 30 Wistar albino rats without any peanut supplementation was taken as control (group A) and divided into three sub-groups, group A1 (baseline control), group A2 (isoproterenol treated control) and group A3 (isoproterenol treated control after propranolol treatment). Each subgroup consisted of 10 rats. After taking final body weight all the rats were sacrificed on 22nd day. Blood was collected from heart and supernatant serum was preserved in deep freeze until analysis. For assessment of lipid profile status, serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL- C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were estimated by standard method. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Results: In this study, percent change from initial body weight to final body weight was significantly (p<0.01) lower both in isoproterenol treated group after peanut treatment and in isoproterenol treated group after combined treatment of peanut and propranolol as compared to that of baseline control. Again, this value was almost similar and the difference was not statistically significant between isoproterenol treated group after peanut treatment and isoproterenol treated group after combined treatment of peanut and propranolol. Again, the mean serum TC (p<0.01) and LDL-C (p<0.05) were significantly lower in isoproterenol treated group after peanut treatment and isoproterenol treated group after combined treatment of peanut and propranolol in comparison to those of isoproterenol treated control group. Moreover, the mean serum HDL-C was significantly (p<0.01) higher in isoproterenol treated group after combined treatment of peanut and propranolol, in comparison to that of isoproterenol treated control group. Furthermore, the mean serum TC and LDL-C were non significantly higher and serum HDL-C was significantly (p<0.01) higher in isoproterenol treated group after combined treatment of peanut and propranolol when compared to those of isoproterenol treated group after peanut treatment. Conclusion: The present study revealed that peanut alone can maintain blood lipid level by decreasing TC and LDL-C levels and by increasing HDL-C level in isoproterenol induced cardiotoxic rats. However, the combined therapy of peanut with propranolol showed synergistic effect on preventing dyslipidemia.

PEFR, FEF25-75 and MVV In Type-1 Diabetic Male And Their Relationships With HbA1c.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and debilitating disease. Its complications give rise to microvascular, macrovascular and neuropathic diseases which affect eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels and also lungs. So, there may be a relationship between type-1 diabetes and reduced lung function. Objectives: To observe PEFR, FEF25-75 and MVV and their relationship with HbA1c in type- 1 diabetic male in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka between 1st January and 31st December 2009. A total 30 type-1 diabetic male subjects, age 18-30 years were taken as study group. Another 30 apparently healthy age, sex, BMI and socioeconomic status matched non-diabetic persons were also included as control. For assessment of lung function PEFR, FEF25-75 and MVV of all the subjects were measured by a digital spirometer. Again, to observe glycemic control serum blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of diabetic patients were also measured by usual laboratory technique. Data were analyzed by unpaired‘t’ test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. Results: PEFR (p<0.001), FEF25-75 (p<0.001), and MVV (p <0.001) were significantly lower in type-1 diabetic patients in comparison to those of apparently healthy non-diabetic male. Again, their PEFR (p < 0.05), FEF25-75 (p>0.05), and MVV (p<0.05) were negatively correlated with HbA1c. Conclusion: The lung functions were lower in type-1 diabetic male in comparison to those of non-diabetic counterpart and this reduction is mainly due to poor glycemic control.

Age Related Change in Thyroid Function.

Background: Thyroid hormones play a vital role in metabolism, sensitivity of tissues to other hormones and also in oxygen consumption of almost all cells of the body. However, mild to moderate decrease in function of thyroid gland may occur with advancing age even in apparently healthy elderly subjects. Objectives: To observe age related change in thyroid function status in apparently healthy elderly subjects in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka between 1st January 2011 and 31st December 2011. Sixty apparently healthy elderly subjects of both sexes aged 50 to 75 years were taken as study group. They were collected from Probin Nibash Hitoishi Shangha, Agargaon, Dhaka. In addition, 30 apparently healthy young adult subjects aged 20-40 years were included as control. For assessment of thyroid function, serum free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were estimated by ELISA method. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA, Bonferroni test and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient test as applicable. Results: In this study, mean serum free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were significantly (p<0.001) lower and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level was significantly (p<0.001) higher in apparently healthy elderly subjects in comparison to those of the healthy young subjects. Again, serum FT4 and FT3 levels were negatively correlated whereas serum TSH level was positively correlated with age of the subjects. Conclusion: The present study revealed a progressive decrease in thyroid function with advancement of age.

Serum Copper and Plasma Protein Status in Normal Pregnancy.

Background: Gradual alteration of serum copper and some plasma protein levels may occur with advancement of pregnancy, which is associated with increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To observe serum copper and plasma protein levels in normal pregnant women of different trimesters in order to find out their nutritional status. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka, between 1st January 2010 and December 2010. Ninety normal pregnant women of different trimesters with age 20-30 years were included in the study group. They were selected from Out Patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SSMC. Age matched 30 non-pregnant women were taken as control. Serum copper level was measured by Spectrophotometric method, serum total protein and albumin levels were estimated by standard method. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA, Bonferroni and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test as applicable. Results: Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in all trimesters of pregnant women compared to control. Again, this value was significantly higher in 3rd trimester than that of in 1st and 2nd trimester and also in 2nd trimester than that of in 1st trimester. In addition, mean serum total protein level was significantly lower in 3rd trimester than control but no statistically significant difference was observed among different trimesters. Again, mean serum albumin level was significantly lower in 2nd and 3rd trimester than 1st trimester and control. In addition, serum Cu concentration showed significant positive correlation with different trimesters of gestation. Conclusion: This study reveals that hypercupremia along with hypoproteinemia occur in pregnant women from 1st to 3rd trimester of gestation. This gradual alteration of micro and macronutrients become more profound with advancement of pregnancy.

Serum Copper and Plasma Protein Status in Preterm Delivery.

Background: Preterm delivery is a major obstetric related problem in Bangladesh. Micronutrient deficiency especially deficiency of copper may affect pregnancy, delivery and outcome of pregnancy. Reduced serum copper concentration of the pregnant mother may have some role in resulting preterm delivery. Objectives: To observe serum Cu and protein status in preterm mother and their neonates. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, between January and December 2009. A total number of 136 subjects were included in this study, and were divided into control (n=82) and study (n=54) groups. Of the control group, 28 were non pregnant women age ranged between 20-30 years, taken for reference value and another 54 were full term group, also treated as control, were sub-divided into normal full term mother (n=27) and their respective neonates ( n=27). Another 54 were preterm group, considered as study group, were sub-divided into preterm mothers (n=27) and their respective neonates (n=27). Age of preterm and full term mothers were between 20-40 years. All the subjects belonged to lower socioeconomic status. The pregnant women were selected from the labor ward of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital and non pregnant women were from personal contact. Serum copper level was estimated by spectrophotometric method, to observe its level in these groups of study subjects. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels were estimated by usual laboratory technique in order to observe the availability of binding proteins as well as their nutritional status. Again, anthropometric data and blood hemoglobin level of the preterm and full term mother and birth weight of their respective neonates were measured to observe their nutritional status. Correlation of maternal serum copper concentration with that of neonatal blood and also with birth weight of the neonates were done to observe their relationship. Statistical analysis was done by Independent-Samples ‘t” test and Peaeson’s correlation coefficient tests as applicable. Results: Mean serum Cu, total protein and albumin levels were significantly (p<0.001) lower in preterm mother and their neonates in comparison to those of full term mother and their neonates respectively. Whereas, mean serum globulin level showed no statistically significant difference among the groups. Mean birth weight of preterm neonates was significantly lower in comparison to that of full term neonates. Again, maternal serum copper level showed negative correlation with that of neonatal blood but positive correlation with birth weight of their neonates in both full term and preterm mother, though these relationships were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The present study revealed hypocupremia and hypoproteinemia in pre-term delivery mother and their neonates. This hypocupremia may be due to poor maternal protein status.

Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract Against Gentamicin Induced Changes of Serum Electrolytes in Rats.

Background: Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids are essential for maintaining the body homeostasis. Kidney plays an important role for these regulations. Higher doses of drugs, toxins, infectious agents, chemicals etc. can causes kidney damage and ultimately electrolytes disturbances can be occurred. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an herbal plant may have some role on serum electrolytes balance. Objective: To observe the effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root on serum electrolytes against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2010 to 30th June 2011. A total number of 35 Wistar albino rats, age from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 200 grams were selected for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into control group and experimental group. Control group was again subdivided into baseline control, (10 rats) and gentamicin treated control group, (10 rats). Again, experimental group (gentamicin treated group after ashwagandha treatment) consisted of 15 rats. All groups of animals received basal diet for 22 consecutive days. In addition to this, gentamicin treated control group also received gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg /kg body weight/day) for the last eight (15th to 22nd day) consecutive days. Again, gentamicin treated group after ashwagandha treatment received ashwagandha root extract (500mg/kg body weight/day, orally) for 22 consecutive days and gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg/kg body weight /day) for last eight (15th to 22nd day) days. All the animals were sacrificed on 23rd day. Then blood samples were collected and kidney weight was measured. For assessment of kidney function, some serum electrolyte levels e,g. serum sodium, potassium and chloride ion levels were estimated by ion selective electrode (ISE) electrolyte auto analyzer method, by using Biolyte 2000 auto analyzer . However, body weight and kidney weight of the animals were measured to assess the nephrotoxicity in these groups of animals. All these tests were done in the laboratory of Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, SSMC. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests as applicable. Results: The serum sodium and chloride ion levels were almost similar in all the groups and the differences were not statistically significant. The mean serum levels of potassium ion were significantly (p<0.001) lower in gentamicin treated group and (p<0.05) in gentamicin treated group after ashwagandha treatment in comparison to that of baseline control group. But this level of gentamicin treated group after ashwagandha treatment was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of gentamicin treated group. Initial body weight was almost similar and no significant difference of this value was observed among the groups. Whereas, the final body weight was significantly (p<0.001) lower in gentamicin treated control group and in gentamicin treated group after ashwagandha treatment than that of baseline control group. Again this level of gentamicin treated group after ashwagandha treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher in comparison to that of gentamicin treated control group. The kidney weight was significantly (p<0.01) higher in gentamicin treated control group when compared to that of baseline control and gentamicin treated group after ashwagandha treatment. Whereas, kidney weight of gentamicin treated group after ashwagandha treatment and of baseline control group was almost similar and showed no statistically significant difference of this value between this two groups. Conclusion: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract may have some role in maintaining some of the serum electrolyte levels within normal limit, which indicates its nephroprotective effects against gentamicin induced toxicity.

FVC, FEV1 And FEV1/FVC% In Type-1 Diabetic Male And Their Relationships With HbA1c.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and debilitating disease. Its complications give rise to micro and macrovascular diseases which affect eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, nerves and also lungs. There may be a relationship between type-1 diabetes and reduced lung function. Objectives: To observe FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC % and their relationship with HbA1C in type-1 diabetic male in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka from January to December 2009. A total number of 60 male subjects, from 18-30 years of age was taken and was divided into control and study groups. Among them study group was consisted of 30 type-1 diabetic male patients. Control group was consisted of 30 apparently healthy age, sex, BMI and socioeconomic status matched non-diabetic subjects. All the subjects belonged to lower socio-economic status. For assessment of lung function, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC % of all the subjects were measured. All of theses tests were done by spirometric method by using a digital Spirometer. Again, to observe glycemic control of blood, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of diabetic patients were also measured by usual laboratory technique. Data were analyzed by Independent-Samples ‘t’ test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test as applicable. Results: FVC (p <0.001), FEV1 (p < 0.001), and FEV1/FVC% (p < 0.05) were significantly lower in type- 1 diabetic patients in comparison to those of apparently healthy non-diabetic male. Again FVC and FEV1 had significant (p < 0.001) negative correlation but FEV1/FVC% had non-significant positive correlation with HbA1c. Conclusion: Impairment of some lung functions may be found in type-1 diabetic male which may be due to poor glycemic control.

Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract On Some Serum Liver Marker Enzymes (AST, ALT) In Gentamicin Intoxicated Rats.

Background: Liver is an essential metabolic organ. It can be damaged due to prolonged use and higher doses of drugs, exposure to some chemicals, toxins, or infectious agents. Herbal plants as ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) may have free radical scavenging activity thereby can be used for the prevention and treatment of liver damage. Objective: To observe the effect of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on gentamicin induced changes of some liver marker enzymes e,g serum aspartate amino transferase (AST ) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) in Wistar albino rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2010 to 30th June 2011. A total number of 35 Wistar albino rats, aged 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 200 grams were selected for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B). Control group was again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control, consisted of 10 rats) and group A2 (gentamicin treated control group, consisted of 10 rats). Again, experimental group (Group B-ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin treated group) consisted of 15 rats. All groups of animals received basal diet for 22 consecutive days. In addition to this, group A2 also received gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg /kg body weight/day) for the last eight (15th to 22nd day) consecutive days. Again, group B received ashwagandha root extract (500mg/kg body weight/day, orally) for 22 consecutive days and gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg/kg body weight /day) for last eight (15th to 22nd day) days. All the animals were sacrificed on 23rd day. Then blood and liver samples were collected. For assessment of liver function, serum AST, ALT and bilirubin levels were estimated. All these tests were done by standard Laboratory technique. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Results: The mean serum levels of AST and ALT were significantly (p<0.001) higher in gentamicin treated control group and in ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin treated group in comparison to those of baseline control group.. Again, these levels were significantly (p<0.001) lower in ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin treated group than those of gentamicin treated control group. Conclusion: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract restored serum AST, ALT towards normal levels in gentamicin intoxicated rats which may be due to its free radical scavenging activity. Therefore it may have hepatoprotective effect.

Parasympathetic Nerve Function Status During Different Phases Of Menstrual Cycle In Healthy Young Women.

Background: Autonomic nerve function status may be changed during follicular and late luteal phases of menstrual cycle due to fluctuations of serum estrogen and progesterone levels. This alteration in autonomic nerve functions may affect cardiovagal control and usually associated with decreased parasympathetic activity in late luteal phase. Objective: To observe the parasympathetic nerve function status during follicular and late luteal phases of menstrual cycle and also their relationships with serum estrogen and progesterone levels in healthy young women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2009. A total number of thirty (30) apparently healthy unmarried women age ranged from 20-25 years were studied in both follicular (phase A, control) and late luteal (phase B, study) phases of menstrual cycle. Simple autonomic nerve function tests like heart rate (HR) response to valsalva maneuver (valsalva ratio), HR response to deep breathing, HR response to standing (30th:15th ratio) were done to assess parasympathetic activity and serum estrogen and progesterone levels were also measured by AxSYM method. All these tests were performed in both follicular and late luteal phases of menstrual cycle of the same subject. Data were analysed by paired student’s ‘t’ test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test as applicable. Results: Mean values of both HR response to valsalva ratio and HR response to standing (30th:15 th ) were non-significantly decreased but HR response to deep breathing was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in late luteal phase than those of follicular phase. Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that parasympathetic activity is decreased in late luteal phase of menstrual cycle.

Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) Root Extract Against Gentamicin Induced Changes of Serum Urea and Creatinine Levels in Rats.

Background: Kidney is an important excretory organ. Its damage can be occurred due to prolonged use and higher doses of drugs, exposure to some chemicals, toxins, or infectious agents. Herbal plants as Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) may have free radical scavenging activity thereby can be used for the prevention and treatment of kidney damage. Objective: To observe the nephroprotective effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2010 to 30th June 2011. A total number of 35 Wistar albino rats, age ranged from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 200 grams were included in this study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B). Control group was again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control, consisted of 10 rats) and group A2 (gentamicin treated control group, consisted of 10 rats). Again, experimental group (Group B- Ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin treated group) consisted of 15 rats. All groups of animals received basal diet for 22 consecutive days. In addition to this, group A2 also received gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg /kg body weight/day) for the last eight (15th to 22nd day) consecutive days. Again, group B received ashwagandha root extract (500mg/kg body weight/ day; orally) for 22 consecutive days and gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg/kg body weight /day) for last eight (15th to 22nd day) days. All the animals were sacrificed on 23rd day. Then blood and kidney sample were collected. Estimation of serum urea, creatinine levels were done by using standard Laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Results: The mean serum urea, creatinine levels were significantly (p<0.001) higher in gentamicin treated control group in comparison to those of baseline control. Again, these levels were significantly (p<0.01) lower in ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin treated group (experimental group) when compared to those of gentamicin treated group (control). Conclusion: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root may have some nephroprotective effect against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Effects of Vitamin E Supplementation on Reducing Chronic Hemolysis in Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency.

Background: Vitamin E works within the cell membrane as an antioxidant and may prevent destruction of RBC in G6PD deficient hemolytic anemia, which can be reflected by changes in peripheral blood film. Objective: To observe the role of vitamin E supplementation on restoring normal cell types in peripheral blood film in order to evaluate the role of this antioxidant vitamin in reducing chronic hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients. Method: Total 102 subjects, age range from 5-40 years of both sexes were included in the study. Among them 68 were G6PD enzyme deficient patients, of whom 34 were in non-supplemented group (Group B) and 34 were in supplemented group (Group C). Both group B and C were divided into Group B1 and C1 (on day 1 ) and also into B2 and C2 (on day 60) respectively. Supplemented group received vitamin E supplementation for 60 consecutive days (800 IU/day for adult and 400 IU/day for children in a divided dose i,e. 4 times daily). Age and sex matched 34 apparently healthy subjects with normal G6PD level (Group A) were also taken to observe baseline data. Determination of Erythrocyte G6PD level and preparation of peripheral blood film were done on day 1 for all groups and also on day 60 in deficient groups. Results: Percentage of subjects with presence of some abnormal red cells in peripheral blood film was significantly higher in patients of hemolytic anemia with G6PD deficiency in comparison to that of healthy control. After supplementation with vitamin E (i,e. on day-60) this percentage was significantly decreased towards those of healthy control in their supplemented group in comparison to that of pre-supplemented (day-1) and nonsupplemented groups. Conclusion: Some abnormal red cells may be found in peripheral blood film of G6PD deficient patients, improvement of which occur following vitamin E supplementation, and thereby indicates role of this antioxidant vitamin in reducing the rate of hemolysis.

Serum Zinc Status During Different Trimesters of Gestation.

Background: Hypozincemia may be found in different trimesters of pregnancy. Gradual alteration of this micronutrient status during pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. Objective: To measure serum zinc level of pregnant women in different trimesters in order to find out their micronutrient status. Method: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka between 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2010. 90 normal pregnant women, age ranged from 20 to 30 years were included in the study group (Group-B) which was further divided into group B1 consisting of 30 different pregnant women in 1st trimester, group B2 consisting of 30 different pregnant women in 2nd trimester and group B3 consisting of 30 different pregnant women in 3rd trimester. Age matched 30 apparently healthy nonpregnant women (Group A) were also selected by for comparison. Serum zinc level was measured by Spectrophotometric method and serum total protein and albumin levels were estimated by standard laboratory technique. Statistical analysis was done by using ANOVA & Spearman rank Correlation as applicable. Result: In this study, serum Zn level was significantly lower in 1st (p<0.01), 2nd and 3rd trimester (p<0.001) of pregnant women in comparison to that of non-pregnant women. Again, this value was significantly (p<0.001) lower in 3rd trimester than those of 1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnant women. Moreover, serum Zn concentration showed negative correlation (r=-0.621) with different trimesters of gestation and this correlation was statistically significant (p< 0.001). Conclusion: This study reveals that gradual hypozincemia was observed in pregnant women from 1st to 3rd trimester of gestation.

Osteoporosis in Surgical Menopause.

Background: Osteoporosis in both surgical and natural menopausal women are common health hazards all over the world. And the surgical menopausal women may have the greater chance of this disorder than those of natural menopausal women. Objective: To observe osteoporotic changes in both surgical and natural menopausal women in Bangladesh. Method: This Cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka between 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2010. A total number of 60 female subjects were included in this study. Among them 30 surgical menopausal women age ranged from 45-55 years were included in the study group (Group B) and 30 natural menopausal women age ranged from 50-60 years were taken as control (Group A). All the menopausal women were selected from Out Patient Department (OPD) of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital. Estimation of serum estrogen level by microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) method and T- score was obtained by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of both natural and surgical menopausal women were done. The statistical analysis was done by using appropriate method as applicable. Results: In this study T- score of both spinal and femoral neck bone were significantly (p<0.001) lower in surgical menopausal women than those of natural menopausal women. Again, mean serum estrogen level was significantly (p<0.001) lower in surgical menopausal women than that of natural menopausal women. Conclusion: The present study revealed that surgical menopausal women have greater chance of osteoporosis than those of natural menopausal women.

Effect of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Florida) on Paracetamol Induced Changes of serum bilirubin level and liver tissue protein in Rats.

Backgroud: Liver is continuously exposed to a variety of toxic agents like drugs and chemicals that may interfere with hepatic function and may cause hepatic damage. Oyster mushroom is excellently edible, nutritious and has got free radical scavenging activity, thereby may be considered as hepatoprotective agent. Objective: To observe the effect of Oyster mushroom on paracetamol induced changes in serum bilirubin and liver tissue protein in rats. Method: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2009 to 30th June 2010. A total number of 34 Wistar albino rats, age ranged from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 210 grams were selected for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into two groups, control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B- mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group). Control group was again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control) and group A2 (paracetamol treated control group). All groups of animals received basal diet for 30 consecutive days. Group A1 consisted of 10 rats, received propylene glycol (2 ml/kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group A2 consisted of 14 rats, received single dose of paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group B consisted of 10 rats, received mushroom extract (200 mg/ kg bw, orally) for 30 consecutive days and paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 31st day. Then blood and liver sample were collected. Estimation of serum total bilirubin level and assessment of protein concentration in liver tissue homogenate were done by using standard laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Result: The mean serum total bilirubin was significantly (p< 0.001) higher in paracetamol treated group in comparison to that of baseline control group. Again, the mean serum total bilirubin was significantly (p<0.001) lower in mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group (experimental group) when compared to that of paracetamol treated group (control). The protein concentration in liver tissue homogenate was significantly (p<0.01) lower in paracetamol treated group in comparison to that of baseline control group. Again, in the liver tissue homogenate protein concentration was significantly (p<0.001) higher in mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group (experimental group) when compared to that of paracetamol treated group (control). Conclusion: The present study revealed that Oyster mushroom can protect liver tissue against paracetamol induced liver damage.